Sailing ship
The term "sailing ship" is most often used to describe any large marine vessel that uses sails to harness the power of wind.
A "ship-rigged" sailing ship specifically refers to a vessel that carries three or more masts with square sails on each. Other large sailing vessels, that are not ship-rigged, may be more precisely referred to by their sail rig, such as schooner, barque (also spelled "bark"), brig, barkentine, brigantine or sloop.
Characteristics
There are many different types of sailing ships, but they all have certain basic things in common. Every sailing ship has a hull, rigging and at least one mast to hold up the sails that use the wind to power the ship.
The crew who sail a ship are called sailors or hands. They take turns to take the watch, the active managers of the ship and her performance for a period. Watches are traditionally four hours long. Some sailing ships use traditional ship's bells to tell the time and regulate the watch system, with the bell being rung once for every half hour into the watch and rung eight times at watch end (a four-hour watch).
Ocean journeys by sailing ship can take many months, and a common hazard is becoming becalmed because of lack of wind, or being blown off course by severe storms or winds that do not allow progress in the desired direction. A severe storm could lead to shipwreck, and the loss of all hands.
Sailing ships are limited in their maximum size compared to ships with heat engines, so economies of scale are also limited. The heaviest sailing ships (limited to those vessels for which sails were the primary means of propulsion) never exceeded 14,000 tons displacement. Sailing ships are therefore also very limited in the supply capacity of their holds, so they have to plan long voyages carefully to include many stops to take on provisions and, in the days before watermakers, fresh water.
Types of sailing ships
There are many types of sailing ships, mostly distinguished by their rigging, hull, keel, or number and configuration of masts. There are also many types of smaller sailboats not listed here. The following is a list of vessel types, many of which have changed in meaning over time:
barque, or bark: at least three masts, fore-and-aft rigged mizzen mast
barquentine: at least three masts with all but the foremost fore-and-aft rigged
bilander: a ship or brig with a lug-rigged mizzen sail
brig: two masts square rigged (may have a spanker on the aftermost)
brigantine: two masts, with the foremast square-rigged
caravel: small maneuverable ship, lateen rigged
carrack: three or four masted ship, square-rigged forward, lateen-rigged aft
clipper: a square-rigged merchant ship of the 1840–50s designed for speedy passages
cog: plank built, one mast, square rigged
corvette: an imprecise term for a small, often ship-rigged vessel
cutter: Fore-and-aft rigged, single mast with two headsails
dhow: a lateen-rigged merchant or fishing vessel
djong: large tradeship used by ancient Indonesian and Malaysian people
frigate: a ship-rigged European warship with a single gundeck, designed for commerce-raiding and reconnaissance
fishing smack: cutter-rigged fishing vessel
fluyt: a Dutch oceangoing merchant vessel, rigged similarly to a galleon
full-rigged ship: three or more masts, all of them square rigged
galleon: a large, primarily square-rigged vessel of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries
hermaphrodite brig: similar to a brigantine
junk: a lug-rigged Chinese tradeship
koch: Russian clinker-built design, for use in Arctic waters
longship: vessels used by the Vikings, with a single mast and square sail, also propelled by oars.
lugger: vessel with at least two masts, carrying lug sails
luzzu, traditional Maltese design, double-ended hull
pinisi: Indonesia's traditional sailing ship
pink: in the Atlantic, a small oceangoing ship with a narrow stern.
schooner: fore-and-aft rigged sails, with two or more masts, the aftermost mast taller or equal to the height of the forward mast(s)
ship of the line: the largest warship in European navies, ship-rigged
snow: a brig carrying a square mainsail and often a spanker on a trysail mast
tjotter: small Frisian design, flat-bottomed with leeboards
waʻa kaulua: Polynesian double-hulled voyaging canoe
windjammer: large sailing ship with an iron or for the most part steel hull, built to carry cargo in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century.
xebec: a Mediterranean warship adapted from a galley, with three lateen-rigged masts
yacht: a pleasure craft
Automated sailing
In 1902 the sailing vessel Preussen was the first to assist handling of sails by making use of steam power without auxiliary engines for propulsion. The steam power was used to drive the winches, hoists and pumps. A similar ship Kruzenshtern, a very large sailing vessel without mechanical assists, had a crew of 257 men, compared to the Preussen, which required only 48 men.
In 2006, automated control had been taken to the point where sails could be operated by one person using a central control unit, DynaRig. The DynaRig technology was first developed in the 1960s in Germany by W. Prolls as a propulsion alternative for commercial ships to prepare for a possible future energy crisis. The technology is a high-tech version of the same type of sail used by the Preussen, the "square-rigger". The main difference is that the yards do not swing around a fixed mast but are rigidly attached to a rotating mast. DynaRig along with extensive computerization was used in the proof-of-concept Maltese Falcon to enable it to be sailed with no crew aloft.
As of 2013, with increasing restrictions on use of bunker fuel, attempts were underway to develop hybrid sailing ships using automated sail and alternative fuels.
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